A semiconductor microchip, often referred to as an integrated circuit (IC) or simply a “chip,” is a small electronic device made from semiconductor materials (primarily silicon) that integrates millions to billions of electronic components—such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, and diodes—onto a single substrate. Microchips are the cornerstone of modern electronics, enabling compact, efficient, and powerful…
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like glass). This unique property arises due to their energy band structure, specifically the presence of a small energy gap (bandgap) between the valence band (where electrons are bound to atoms) and the conduction band (where electrons can move freely…
Computers have become the backbone of modern civilization, powering everything from smartphones to space exploration. What began as a rudimentary calculating tool has evolved into a marvel of engineering that shapes our daily lives and promises an even more extraordinary future. In this article, we’ll explore the intricate details of computers—how they work, their components,…
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