Microscopes are essential instruments in scientific research, allowing us to observe structures and organisms invisible to the naked eye. Their development has revolutionized fields such as biology, medicine, material science, and nanotechnology. This article explores the history, types, advancements, and significance of microscopes in detail. 1. History and Development of the Microscope The invention of…
Prime Number Theorem (PNT) – A Short Note Introduction The Prime Number Theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of prime numbers among natural numbers. It states that the number of primes less than a given number nn is approximately nln(n)\frac{n}{\ln(n)}. This result provides a deep insight into how primes are distributed across large numbers. Statement…
Early Discovery and History Bacteriophages, commonly known as phages, are viruses that specifically infect and destroy bacteria. Their discovery dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1896, British bacteriologist Ernest Hanbury Hankin noticed an antibacterial agent in the waters of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers that could eliminate Vibrio cholerae. This…
An atom is the basic building block of matter, the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. Atoms are incredibly small, with a size on the order of 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1 nanometer = 10⁻⁹ meters). They consist of subatomic particles and are the foundation of all physical…
The first artificial intelligence (AI) model was developed in the mid-20th century. Here’s a breakdown: Who Invented the First AI Model? Main Good Points of Early AI Models (1950s-1960s) Main Bad Points of Early AI Models