Global warming, often used interchangeably with climate change, refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). these gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄), trap heat, leading to a warmer…
Nuclear energy is a powerful and controversial source of energy that has shaped modern science, industry, and global energy policies. This blog dives into the intricacies of nuclear energy, its discovery, principles, mechanisms, applications, and the future of this transformative technology, complete with examples and detailed insights. What is Nuclear Energy? Nuclear energy is the…
Statistics and probability form a critical branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and making decisions based on data, as well as modeling uncertainty and randomness. These fields are foundational to understanding patterns in data and predicting outcomes in uncertain environments. These notes provide a comprehensive overview of statistics and probability, their significance,…
Linear algebra is a foundational branch of mathematics that studies vectors, matrices, linear transformations, and systems of linear equations. It is a cornerstone of both pure and applied mathematics, with extensive applications across numerous fields, from computer science to physics to economics. These notes provide a comprehensive overview of linear algebra, its significance, research areas,…
A black hole.. is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing—no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of the region from which no escape is…
CRISPR is a natural defense system found in bacteria. Scientists adapted it to edit DNA in a precise, cheap, and efficient way. What is CRISPR? CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. It’s a naturally occurring defense mechanism in bacteria that protects them from viruses. Bacteria store snippets of viral DNA in their…
Introduction The Big Bang Theory posits that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense, hot state, expanding rapidly and evolving into the cosmos we observe today. This model integrates general relativity, particle physics, and observational astronomy to explain the universe’s large-scale structure and history. Since its inception, it has been…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents one of the most profound technological revolutions of the 21st century, reshaping industries, societies, and human cognition itself. This report offers an exhaustive exploration of AI, tracing its historical roots, dissecting its technical underpinnings, evaluating its multifaceted applications, and confronting its ethical quandaries. By synthesizing insights from computer science, ethics, economics,…
A semiconductor microchip, often referred to as an integrated circuit (IC) or simply a “chip,” is a small electronic device made from semiconductor materials (primarily silicon) that integrates millions to billions of electronic components—such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, and diodes—onto a single substrate. Microchips are the cornerstone of modern electronics, enabling compact, efficient, and powerful…
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like glass). This unique property arises due to their energy band structure, specifically the presence of a small energy gap (bandgap) between the valence band (where electrons are bound to atoms) and the conduction band (where electrons can move freely…